Name: Admin
2001-09-27 00:00:00 | Hit 1807
A few miles off Inchon, a fleet of 261 ships with 70,000 troops on board were waiting in the early morning darkness of September 15, 1950 for a go-ahead signal from General MacArthur¡¯s command ship Mt. McKinley. Operation Chromite, as the historic Inchon landing was officially called, was about to begin. When MacArthur had presented his landing plan to his superiors in Washington for approval, they had seen only a one-in-5,000 chance for the operation to succeed. The main reason was the natural disadvantage of the Inchon harbor. Inchon had one of the highest tides in the world. At high tide, the sea rose up to 12 meters and then the waters ebbed away within four hours. Unless landing craft carrying troops and supplies speedily entered the harbor through the narrow channel within those four hours, they could be stranded on mud flats before reaching the shore. In such a case, they would be sitting ducks for enemy artillery fire. This very disadvantage was the main
reason MacArthur had chosen Inchon, because the Communists would think Inchon was the least likely place for a UN landing operation, if any.
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(22)
For three days prior to the landing, American ships and planes bombarded Wolmido, the strategically important island at the entrance of the Inchon harbor, which was being defended by a North Korean artillery company. The Communists resisted with their four big-caliber guns, slightly damaging three American destroyers that had sailed within their firing range on purpose. By firing at the destroyers, the enemy guns gave away their positions so that the American planes and naval guns could easily silence them.
Thanks to this pre-invasion softening-up, Operation Chromite went smoothly on September 15. A U.S. Marine battalion easily captured Wolmido in the early morning. From the command ship General MacArthur saw a light in the distance. ¡°They¡¯ve left their navigation lights on, General,¡± an admiral said. ¡°That¡¯s courtesy,¡± MacArthur replied smilingly. (They apparently did not know that a commando team led by a U.S. Navy lieutenant had sneaked into a light house on Palmido islet and turned on the oil lamp the night before. The team included several South Koreans.) In the afternoon at high tide, units of marines and soldiers, including two ROK regiments, hit the shore. MacArthur had expected at least 100 casualties, but only 20 men were killed and about 50 wounded. ¡°General MacArthur¡¯s great gamble had paid off,¡± wrote the New York Herald Tribune¡¯s Marguerite Higgins who had landed at Inchon with the marines. (In 1951, Miss Higgins was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for her outstanding coverage of the Korean War.)
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(23)
Did Kim Il-sung know in advance of the Inchon landing? If he had spies in Japan, he may have known that MacArthur had been planning a landing, because in Tokyo, where the general had his headquarters, the landing operation was an open secret. Newsmen jokingly called it ¡®Operation Common Knowledge.¡¯
But Kim did not do anytning to defend Inchon although American planes and ships had begun to soften up Wolmido as early as September 10. Why? Some historians speculate that Kim learned about the landing operation too late to effectively prepare for it, because at the time most of the North Korean troops were way down south along the Nakdonggang line. Others speculate that Kim thought the invasion would be irresistible, so instead of dispatching his troops to Inchon, he began to withdraw them back to the north to save them for future use.
A North Korean feature film, ¡®Wolmido¡¯, glorifying the artillery company that fought on the island, supports the second speculation. The movie ends with Kim Il-sung¡¯s eulogy: ¡°The Wolmido artillerymen fought very well. As ordered by the Supreme Command, they fought to the last man, delaying the enemy landing for three days to secure strategic withdrawal of the People¡¯s Army. We will never forget their heroic deed.¡±
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(24)
At the same time Maj. Gen. Edward M. Almond¡¯s X Corps, that had landed at Inchon, moved toward Seoul, General Walker¡¯s Eighth U.S. Army and ROK units crossed the Nakdonggang River and surged north. In just thirteen days after the Inchon landing, UN forces retook practically all of South Korea. During this period, an estimated 20,000 Communists were killed but a considerable number of them managed to escape across the 38th parallel. Tens of thousands were taken prisoner. On one occasion, a ROK marine regiment commander told enemy POWs to sing ¡®The Moonlit Night of Silla¡¯, a popular hit song at the time. Those who could sing it were freed on the spot because they were without doubt South Koreans conscripted by the North Koreans as ¡®volunteers.¡¯ Seoul was recaptured on September 28. A group of ROK marines hoisted Taegukki, the South Korean national flag, at Joongangchung, the central government building. The residents of the capital city who had survived an 89-day-long Communist occupation rushed out to the streets waving flags. The next day, President Rhee, who had fled to Daejun, Daegoo, and then to Busan, returned to Seoul. At an emotion-filled ceremony Rhee officially took over the capital city from MacArthur. The president grasped the general¡¯s hand and said in English, ¡°We love you as the savior of our nation.¡±
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