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2001-09-27 00:00:00 | Á¶È¸: 2824
The second major issue at the talks was how to exchange POWs. By late 1951, over 170,000 enemy soldiers had been captured by UN forces and the majority of them did not want to go back to North Korea or China. They wanted to live in a free country after the war. The UNC delegates insisted on giving the prisoners freedom of choice, but the Communist negotiators demanded all of their prisoners be sent back to their so-called ¡®Communist paradise¡¯regardless of their wishes. The reason was obvious¡ªthey did not want to be embarrassed in front of the world. Most of the enemy POWs were held in a huge POW camp on Gujedo, an island near Busan. The highest-ranking prisoner was Col. Lee Hak-goo, who had deliberately surrendered to command the Communist POWs in the prison camp. In April, 1952. Lee led bloody riots which involved a temporary abduction of the American camp commander and the death of 108 prisoners and two American guards.
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(38)
As the peace talks bogged down while the battles continued on the ground and in the air¡ªAmerican Saber jet fighters fought Soviet-made MIGs piloted by the Chinese, opening the jet age of air warfare¡ªthe American people began to get sick and tired of the war in Korea. They did not want to send their boys to the battlefields any more. Besides, the war efforts made them pay more taxes. The Americans badly wanted a quick end to the war. They would speak their mind at the polls in the November, 1952, presidential election. Dwight David ¡®Ike¡¯ Eisenhower, the World War II hero turned Republican presidential nominee, promised that he would visit Korea if he were elected president. On December 2, weeks before his inauguration, President-elect Eisenhower flew to Korea. He chowed and chatted with the GIs including his son, Major John Eisenhower, who was serving with the 3rd Army Division at the time. He also visited ROK army units with South Korean president Rhee. The Americans hoped their new president would end the war quickly. However, even Eisenhower could not do much about the stalemate in the peace talks. Eisenhower and his advisers considered using atomic bombs as South Korean president Rhee had urged them to, but they gave up the idea soon.
ÀüÅõ°¡ Áö»ó°ú °øÁß¿¡¼ °è¼ÓµÇ´Â µ¿¾È(Ú¸°ø±º ½êÀ̹ö Á¦Æ® ÀüÅõ±âµéÀÌ Áß°ø±ºÀÌ Á¶Á¾ÇÑ ¼Ò·ÃÁ¦ ¹Ì±×±âµé°ú ½Î¿òÀ¸·Î½á Ç×°øÀüÀÇ Á¦Æ®½Ã´ë°¡ ¿·È´Ù ) ÈÞÀü ȸ´ãÀÌ Ä§Ã¼ÀÇ ´Ë¿¡ ºüÁö°Ô µÇÀÚ ¹Ì±¹ ±¹¹ÎµéÀº Çѱ¹ÀüÀï¿¡ ³Í´õ¸® °¡ ³ª±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±×µéÀÇ ¾ÆµéµéÀ» ÀüÀïÅÍ·Î ³»º¸³» °í ½Í¾îÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ ÀüÀï Áö¿ø ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹Ì±¹¹ÎÀº ´õ ¸¹Àº ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³» ¾ßÇß´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ¹Ì±¹ÀεéÀº ÀüÀïÀÌ »¡¸® ³¡³ª±â¸¦ °£ÀýÈ÷ ¹Ù¶ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº 1952³â 11¿ù ´ëÅë·É ¼±°Å¿¡¼ ÅõÇ¥¸¦ ÅëÇؼ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌ·± ¸¶À½À» Åоî³õÀ» ÂüÀ̾ú´Ù. 2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ¿µ¿õ¿¡¼ °øÈ´ç ´ëÅë·É È帰¡ µÈ µå¿ÍÀÌÆ® µ¥ÀÌ ºø ¾ÆÀÌÁ¨ÇÏ¿ö(¾ÖĪ ¾ÆÀÌÅ©)´Â ÀڱⰡ ´ç¼±µÇ¸é Çѱ¹À» ¹æ¹®ÇÏ°Ú´Ù°í °ø¾àÇß´Ù. ´ëÅë·É ´ç¼±ÀÚ ¾ÆÀÌÁ¨ÇÏ¿ö´Â ÃëÀÓ ¸î ÁÖÀÏ ÀüÀÎ 12¿ù2ÀÏ Çѱ¹À¸·Î ³¯¾Æ°¬´Ù . ±×´Â ´ç½Ã Ú¸À°±º 3»ç´Ü¿¡ ±Ù¹«ÁßÀÌ´ø ¾Æµé Á¸ ¾ÆÀÌÁ¨ÇÏ¿ö ¼Ò·ÉÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¹Ì±º À庴µé°ú ½Ä»çµµ °°ÀÌ ÇÏ°í ȯ´ãµµ ³ª´©¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â Çѱ¹ÀÇ ì°ã¯Ø¹ ´ë Åë·É°ú ÇÔ²² Çѱ¹±º ºÎ´ëµµ ¹æ¹®Çß´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¹ÎÀº »õ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ ÀüÀïÀ» »¡¸® ³¡³»Áֱ⸦ ¹Ù¶ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾ÆÀÌÁ¨ÇÏ¿öµµ ±³Âø»óÅ¿¡ ºüÁø ÈÞÀüȸ´ã¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¼´Â ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÏÀÌ º°·Î ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¾ÆÀÌÁ¨ÇÏ¿ö ´ëÅë·É°ú º¸Á°üµéÀº Çѱ¹ ÀÇ ì°ã¯Ø¹ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ Ã˱¸ÇÑ ´ë·Î ¿øÀÚźÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ »ý°¢µµ Çغ¸¾ÒÀ¸³ª °ð ±× ·± »ý°¢À» ¹ö·È´Ù.
(39)
The sudden death of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin on March 5, 1953, speeded up the peace talks. The new Soviet leadership was eager to end the Korean War. Communist China also indicated its willingness to yield in the truce negotiations. On April 30, the two sides exchanged sick and wounded POWs for a starter. In late June, the Communists decided not to force the ¡®turncoat¡¯ POWs to come back to their original countries.
There remained one last obstacle to peace, however. It was President Rhee of South Korea who opposed a ceasefire at that point. He wanted to see Korea reunified. Many South Korean citizens and the military were in the same mood. Rhee threatened to pull ROK troops out of the UN Command and have them fight the Communists alone. In an effort to throw cold water on the peace talks, he suddenly released about 50,000 anti-Communist POWs from the camps guarded by South Korean MPs on June 18. (The prisoners had been scheduled to undergo a ¡®persuasion session¡¯ in which the Communists would try to talk the anti-Communist POWs into coming back to their fold. Rhee took that wanton action on purpose to make the Americans promise military and economic aid to South Korea after the war.
The Communists walked out of the peace talks in protest to Rhee¡¯s release of the anti-Communist POWs. On July 13, the Chinese mounted a massive attack on the South Korean troops near Finger Ridge and Capitol Hill. It was the last and seventh large-scale Chinese offensive in the war.
They probably wanted to take the Hwachun Reservoir before the war ended. But they failed to occupy that important reservoir on which there was a large hydroelectric power plant.
1953³â 3¿ù5ÀÏ ¼Ò·Ã µ¶ÀçÀÚ ¿ä¼Á ½ºÅ»¸°ÀÌ °©Àڱ⠻ç¸ÁÇÏÀÚ ÈÞÀüȸ´ãÀÇ ¼Ó µµ°¡ »¡¶óÁ³´Ù. ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ »õ ±Ç·ÂÀÚµéÀº Çѱ¹ÀüÀïÀ» »¡¸® ³¡³»°í ½Í¾îÇß´Ù. Áß°øµµ ÈÞÀüÇù»ó¿¡¼ ¾çº¸ÇÒ ¶æÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ³»ºñÃÆ´Ù. 4¿ù30ÀÏ ¾çÃøÀº ¿ì¼± º´µç Æ÷·Î¿Í ºÎ»ó Æ÷·Î¸¦ ±³È¯Çß´Ù. 6¿ù Çϼø¿¡´Â Áß°øÀÌ ¡¸º¯ÀýÇÑ¡¹ Æ÷·Î µé¿¡°Ô ÀÚ±âµé ¸ð±¹À¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿Àµµ·Ï °¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â·Î °áÁ¤Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÆòÈ¿¡ÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· Àå¾Ö¹°ÀÌ Çϳª ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ±× ½ÃÁ¡¿¡¼ÀÇ ÈÞÀüÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â Çѱ¹ÀÇ ´ëÅë·É ì°ã¯Ø¹À̾ú´Ù. ì°´ëÅë·ÉÀº Çѱ¹ÀÌ ÅëÀ쵂 ±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¸¹Àº Çѱ¹ ±¹¹Îµé°ú ±ººÎµµ °°Àº ºÐÀ§±â¿´´Ù. ì°´ëÅë ·ÉÀº Çѱ¹±ºÀ» À¯¿£±º ÈÖÇϷκÎÅÍ µµ·Î ²¨³» ´Üµ¶À¸·Î °ø»ê±º°ú ½Î¿ì°Ô ÇÏ °Ú´Ù°í À§ÇùÇß´Ù. ÈÞÀüȸ´ã¿¡ Âù¹°À» ³¢¾ñ±â À§ÇØ ì°´ëÅë·ÉÀº 6¿ù18ÀÏ °©ÀÚ ±â Çѱ¹ Ç庴µéÀÌ °æºñÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ø Æ÷·Î¼ö¿ë¼Ò¿¡¼ 5¸¸¿© ¸íÀÇ ¹Ý°ø Æ÷·Î¸¦ ¼®¹æ½ÃÄѹö·È´Ù(ÀÌ Æ÷·ÎµéÀº ¡¸¼³µæ¸ðÀÓ¡¹¿¡ µé¾î°¡ °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÚ±â³× Áø¿µÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿À¶ó°í ¼³µæÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» µé¾îº¸µµ·Ï µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù). ì°´ëÅë·ÉÀº ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³ ÈÄ Çѱ¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±º»ç ¹× °æÁ¦¿øÁ¶ ¾à¼ÓÀ» ¹Ì±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹Þ¾Æ ³»±â À§ÇØ ±×·± ¾û¶×ÇÑ ÁþÀ» ÀúÁö¸¥ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
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(40)
Before long, the Communists returned to Panmunjom and at 10 a.m., July 27, 1953, a truce agreement was signed by the two sides. The fighting officially ended 12 hours later at 10 p.m. Even during the final 12 hours, a few soldiers were wounded on both sides. The Korean War came to an end exactly three years, one month, two days and eighteen hours after it had begun.
During the 3-year-long war, 318,500 South Korean soldiers including a former army chief of staff and one third of the ROK Military Academy¡¯s class of 1949 were killed in action. The United States lost 54,246 servicemen including Gen. Walton Walker, commander of the Eighth U.S. Army. (Another Eighth U.S. Army commander, General James Van Fleet, lost his son in Korea.) A total of 3,143 soldiers from 15 UN countries¡ªAustralia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Great Britain, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Turkey¡ªalso died in Korea. An estimated half a million North Korean and Chinese troops, including Mao¡¯s son, were killed in the war they had started. The civilian death toll may have topped two million in both South and North Korea. Innumerable soldiers and civilians on both sides were wounded. And the entire Korean peninsula lay in ruin.
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Kim Il-sung started the war to place South Korea under his control by force, but as a result of the war he lost 1,500 square miles (3,840 square kilometers) of land to South Korea. Korea is
still divided by a 248km-long and 4km-wide buffer zone called the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The war was the greatest tragedy the Korean people had ever suffered in their 5,000-year-long history.
Not many historians believe that Kim Il-sung was merely a puppet who initiated the war at the behest of his Soviet and Chinese bosses. Documents made available to the public recently in Russia and China clearly show that it was Kim Il-sung himself who first brought up the idea of war, and begged his bosses, Stalin and Mao, to help him in carrying out the war. Kim¡¯s blind ambition to rule a united Korea under his Communist dictatorship resulted in one of the bloodiest wars in the history of the world. Therefore, Kim Il-sung, who died in 1994, will remain a war criminal whom the Korean people will never forget. A Korean War memorial is in Washington, D.C., next to the Lincoln Memorial. The inscription on the marble wall reads : FREEDOM IS NOT FREE.
¡ªThis piece is dedicated to all those who died in the Korean War. ¡ª
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