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2001-09-27 00:00:00 | Á¶È¸: 2062
On July 8, with the approval of the UN Security Council, Prersident Truman named General MacArthur commander-in-chief of the United Nations Command, and MacArthur appointed Lt. Gen. Walton Walker, head of the Eighth U.S. Army, as the commander of the UN ground forces in Korea.
Walker flew to Daejun and ordered Maj. Gen. William Dean, commander of the 24th Infantry Division, to hold the Communists north of Daejun to buy time for more U.S. army divisions and the troops from other UN countries to arrive in Korea. Dean deployed his troops along the south banks of the Gumgang River, the strategically important natural obstacle. The Gls blew up all the bridges, but during the night of July 14-15, the North Koreans crossed the river using rafts and barges. Some of them even swam. Outnumbered, Dean¡¯s 24th Division suffered heavy casualties and retreated south to the Daejun area. That same day, President Rhee placed the South Korean armed forces under the UN command for effective conduct of the Allied operations. Although ROK soldiers fought gallantly, the poorly trained and inadequately equipped South Koreans played only a supporting role for the Americans who bore the brunt of the fighting in the early stages of the war.
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(18)
Dean¡¯s 24th Division put up fierce resistance in Daejun, but the city fell on July 20. Dean personally fought enemy tanks, leading a bazooka team. A desperate Dean even fired his pistol at the tanks. Outnumbered again, the GIs had to retreat, leaving over 1,000 killed, wounded or missing. During the disorderly retreat, Dean got lost and roamed the surrounding hills for five weeks in starvation and exhaustion until two South Korean civilians found and betrayed him to the Communists near Jinan. (The two men received a small cash prize from the North Koreans, but later they were arrested and put in jail by the South Korean authorities.) Maj. Gen. Dean, who had been American military governor in South Korea
prior to the birth of the Korean republic, was the highest-ranking U.S. prisoner of war in Korea. He was freed at the war¡¯s end in 1953 and wrote his memoirs. During his three-year captivity he fought loneliness and tedium by counting the flies he swatted, according to this book. He also made this interesting observation that Koreans finished their meal by drinking the water with which they had cleaned the rice-cooking pot. He received the Medal of Honor for his bravery in the battle of Daejon. ¡°I wouldn¡¯t have awarded myself a wooden star for what I did as a commander,¡± he said.
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(19)
The American and South Korean troops were driven back to the next and last natural defense, the Nakdonggang River. In just five weeks the North Koreans had occupied all of South Korean but a small rectangular area (80 kilometers wide and 160 kilometers long) south and east of the river. The Americans called the area ¡®the Busan Perimeter¡¯ because at the southeastern tip of the area lay South Korea¡¯s second largest city Busan. The invaders and the defenders were confronting each other along 240 kilometers of the 525 kilometer-long river.
On July 27, General MacArthur flew to Daegoo, the new temporary capital of South Korea, and ordered General Walker to hold the enemy beyond the Nakdonggang at all costs. MacArthur hinted at a massive landing operation behind the enemy lines in the near future. Two days later, Walker told his officers. ¡°There will be no more retreating. There¡¯s no line behind us to which we can retreat. We¡¯re going to hold this line. Stand or die!¡± Premier Kim Il-sung, commander-in-chief of the North Korean armed forces, came down as south as Gimchun just north of the Nakdonggang, and urged his troops to capture Busan by August 15, the fifth anniversary of Korea¡¯s liberation from Japan, at any cost.
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(20)
August 15 came and went but the North Koreans could not even cross the Nakdonggang. They had lost the bulk of their best troops. To make up for lost manpower they even conscripted teen-agers. (ROK army chief of staff Gen. Jung Il-gwon himself once interrogated a 15-year-old North Korean POW). The invaders¡¯ long supply line had been pounded daily by American fighters and bombers. In the meantime, more GIs and troops from 15 other
UN nations kept arriving in Busan. Now the Allies outnumbered the North Koreans. In an effort to take Daegoo, South Korea¡¯s third largest city located south of the Nakdonggang, the Communist artillery fired 120mm rocket shells into the city on August 18, Alarmed, President Rhee and his cabinet members left Daegoo for Busan. The next day, the North Koreans launched a massive attack on Dabudong, a short distance from Daegoo, but the South Koreans and Americans managed to repel the attackers.
It was one of the bloodiest battles of the war. The UN forces successfully defended the vital Nakdonggang line for 45 days (the whole month of August and the first half of September) living up to Walker¡¯s ¡®stand or die¡¯ order. These 45 days saw tens of thousands of soldiers die on both sides of the river under the sizzling summer sun.
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