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2001-09-27 00:00:00 | Á¶È¸: 1901
The first conflict between the Chinese and the UN forces came on October 26 when a ROK army battalion was hit hard by the Chinese near the Yalu. And on November 1, the Americans first clashed with the Chinese at Unsan, a mining town near the border. It was a disaster for the GIs. About 600 of them were killed there.
On the eastern front, a unit of American troops, belonging to the X Corps that had landed at Wonsan three weeks before, reached Hesanjin on the Yalu on
November 21. Two days later, on Thanksgiving Day, the Americans ate turkey. The day after Turkey Day, General MacArthur flew to the Yalu and observed the Manchurian border from the air. When his plane touched down at an airstrip on the western front, MacArthur was told by the commanding general of the IX Corps that his troops were also eager to reach the Yalu. ¡°You can tell them,¡± MacArthur said, ¡°when they get up to the Yalu River, they can all come home. I want to make good my statement that they will get Christmas dinner at home.¡± He ordered a massive offensive against the Chinese to finish the war quickly.
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But the Chinese were no ¡°laundrymen¡± as MacArthur called them in ridicule. Many of them were veterans who had participated in the Sino-Japanese War and the civil war between the Communists and the Nationalists. They were masters of camouflage and hit-and-run tactics. They hid during the day to avoid air strikes and attacked at night. Their attacks often came in the form of so-called ¡°human wave assaults¡±
with eerie bugle-blasts and war cries. The Chinese soldiers seemed not to fear death. ¡°They just kept coming over the dead bodies of their comrades,¡± a GI later recollected.
Overwhelmed by the sheer numbers of the Chinese, estimated at somewhere between 200,000 and 300,000, UN forces began to retreat all over the front. A frustrated President Truman threatened to use atomic bombs, if necessary, to stem the Chinese human waves.
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The Communists recaptured Pyongyang on December 4. On December 9, some 20,000 American troops, surrounded by the Chinese near Jahngjin Reservoir north of Hamhung, began the ¡°Big Bugout.¡± Gen. Oliver P. Smith, commander of the retreating lst Marine Division who had spearheaded the Inchon landing, jokingly said to a reporter, ¡°Retreat?
Hell no! We¡¯re advancing in a different direction!¡± During the six-day 90km retreat from the Jahngjin Reservoir to the port of Hungnam, about 1,000 Americans were killed or missing and some 3,500 were wounded. The subzero temperature caused many survivors to lose their
fingers or toes to frostbite. Over 10,000 Chinese soldiers were presumed to have been killed, mainly by the American air strikes, in the Jahngjin Reservoir battles. By Christmas Eve, about 105,000 U.S. and ROK troops, and 91,000 North Korean refugees had been evacuated by sea from Hungnam. General Kim Baek-il, commander of the lst ROK Army Corps, witnessed many tragic scenes on the piers of the Hungnam harbor. Numerous families were split when the LSTs closed their plank doors to the refugees who had no chance to get aboard due to lack of space. Some people desperately clung to the departing LSTs only to fall and drown.
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Meanwhile, on the western front, the Chinese and the North Koreans had chased the UN forces back to the 38th parallel by December 15.
Fortunately for the retreating UN forces, the Communists stopped marching at the pre-war border and did not move for ten days as if they were waiting for the GIs and the ROKs to complete the seaborne evacuation from Hungnam on the eastern front. During the lull, bad news hit the Americans. Lt. Gen. Walton ¡®Bulldog¡¯ Walker, commander of the Eighth U.S. Army and UN ground forces, was killed in a traffic accident on December 23. On that fatal day, he was en route to a frontline ceremony in which he was to award several medals, including a Silver Star to his son, Captain Sam Walker. When a convoy of South Korean military trucks slowed down his jeep on a narrow road near Uijungboo, the hot-tempered Walker ordered his driver to pass the trucks. The driver pulled left and saw a truck racing toward the jeep. To avoid a head-on collision, the jeep quickly swerved off the road and crashed into a ditch, killing the 61-year-old general instantly.
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